Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

COVID-19: Special Article

Mainstreaming of Health Equity in Infectious Disease Control Policy During the COVID-19 Pandemic Era: Hongjo Choi, Seong-Yi Kim, Jung-Woo Kim, Yukyung Park, Myoung-Hee Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(1):1-7. Published online January 15, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.593

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The Korean government’s strategy to combat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has focused on non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as social distancing and wearing masks, along with testing, tracing, and treatment; overall, its performance has been relatively good compared to that of many other countries heavily affected by COVID-19. However, little attention has been paid to health equity in measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to examine the unequal impacts of COVID-19 across socioeconomic groups and to suggest potential solutions to tackle these inequalities. The pathways linking social determinants and health could be entry points to tackle the unequal consequences of this public health emergency. It is crucial for infectious disease policy to consider social determinants of health including poor housing, precarious working conditions, disrupted healthcare services, and suspension of social services. Moreover, the high levels of uncertainty and complexity inherent in this public health emergency, as well as the health and socioeconomic inequalities caused by the pandemic, underscore the need for good governance other than top-down measures by the government. We emphasize that a people-centered perspective is a key approach during the pandemic era. Mutual trust between the state and civil society, strong accountability of the government, and civic participation are essential components of cooperative disaster governance.

Summary

Korean summary
"이 연구는 코로나19 대유행이 건강불평등에 미치는 영향을 검토하고, 불평등 완화 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 건강의 사회적 결정요인은 코로나19와 건강불평등을 이해하기 위한 출발점이다. 건강의 사회적 결정요인은 코로나19 감염과 그로 인한 사망 등 직접영향 경로와 코로나19 대응과정의 문제로 건강불평등을 야기하는 간접영향 경로에 모두 관여한다. 공중보건위기로 인한 건강불평등을 줄이기 위해서는 시민참여를 통한 협력적 거버넌스 강화와 모든 건강정책에서 사람중심돌봄의 관점을 견지하는 것이 필요하다."

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Original Article

Deprivation and Mortality at the Town Level in Busan, Korea: An Ecological Study: Min-Hyeok Choi, Kyu-Seok Cheong, Byung-Mann Cho, In-Kyung Hwang, Chang-Hun Kim, Myoung-Hee Kim, Seung-Sik Hwang, Jeong-Hun Lim, Tae-Ho Yoon; J Prev Med Public Health. 2011;44(6):242-248. Published online November 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2011.44.6.242

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

Busan is reported to have the highest mortality rate among 16 provinces in Korea, as well as considerable health inequality across its districts. This study sought to examine overall and cause-specific mortality and deprivation at the town level in Busan, thereby identifying towns and causes of deaths to be targeted for improving overall health and alleviating health inequality.

Methods

Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for all-cause and four specific leading causes of death were calculated at the town level in Busan for the years 2005 through 2008. To construct a deprivation index, principal components and factor analysis were adopted, using 10% sample data from the 2005 census. Geographic information system (GIS) mapping techniques were applied to compare spatial distributions between the deprivation index and SMRs. We fitted the Gaussian conditional autoregressive model (CAR) to estimate the relative risks of mortality by deprivation level, controlling for both the heterogeneity effect and spatial autocorrelation.

Results

The SMRs of towns in Busan averaged 100.3, ranging from 70.7 to 139.8. In old inner cities and towns reclaimed for replaced households, the deprivation index and SMRs were relatively high. CAR modeling showed that gaps in SMRs for heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and physical injury were particularly high.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that more deprived towns are likely to have higher mortality, in particular from cardiovascular disease and physical injury. To improve overall health status and address health inequality, such deprived towns should be targeted.

Summary

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